{"product_id":"mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution","title":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003eMutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is a 1902 essay collection by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. The essays, initially published in the English periodical The Nineteenth Century between 1890 and 1896, explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centred theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. Mutual Aid is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"sb-details\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormat:\u003c\/strong\u003e Paperback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublished:\u003c\/strong\u003e 1955\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePages:\u003c\/strong\u003e 362\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/strong\u003e Extending Horizons Books\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISBN:\u003c\/strong\u003e 9780875580241\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich","offers":[{"title":"Standard Secondhand — £19.28","offer_id":48009785311409,"sku":"SB-0875580246-C3","price":19.28,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0618\/2669\/5345\/files\/0875580246.jpg?v=1791421037","url":"https:\/\/sellbooks.co.uk\/products\/mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution","provider":"Sell Books .co.uk","version":"1.0","type":"link"}