Although many relevant records were destroyed, the authors obtained access to office files maintained by Hoover and two of his key aides, Clyde Tolson and Louis Nichols, in addition to other sensitive records, such as the break-in file, index for authorized wire-taps and bugs, Hoover�s directives to heads of FBI field offices and agents, and files pertaining to prominent personalities including Eleanor Roosevelt, John and Robert Kennedy, Attorneys General Harlan Stone and Homer Cummings.

Throughout his tenure in office, Hoover promoted a positive image of G-men as efficient, professional, and apolitical. His own public persona is so well-known as to be a staple of the nation�s mythology, It was, however, his personal zealotry against radical dissent (broadly defined) that motivated the Bureau�s operations. His files reveal that more than Senator Joseph McCarthy, Hoover was instrumental in creating the anti-Communist paranoia that was called McCarthyism, but, the authors suggest, would have been more accurately named Hooverism. Under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI kept 25 million personal filesthat is, approximately one for every ten Americans. Author note:

Athan G. Theoharis, Professor of History at Marquette University, is the author and editor of many books, including Beyond the Hiss Case and Spying on Americans (both published by Temple).

John Stuart Cox is a freelance writer.