Vaughan Williams’s Symphony No. 8 was composed between 1953 and 1955. It was the first of his symphonies which Vaughan Williams numbered. Sir John Barbirolli conducted the premiere of the piece on 2 May 1956 with the Halle Orchestra. The Eighth Symphony is the shortest of Vaughan Williams’s symphonies, yet is remarkably inventive, especially in the composer’s experiments in sonority. Not only does he use a much-expanded percussion section, including “all the ’phones and ’spiels known to the composer” (as well as three tuned gongs, the same as were used in Puccini’s Turandot), but the two central movements use only the winds and strings section respectively. Among his symphonies the Fourth Symphony is the only other one to end loudly (the others all have quiet conclusions, often with the Vaughan Williams “fingerprint” niente). The work is in four movements: 1. Fantasia (Variazioni senza tema) (variations without a theme) - the composer also referred to this as being “seven variations in search of a theme.” Even though the variation structure predominates the acute listener may notice elements of sonata form. 2. Scherzo alla marcia (for wind instruments only) - this short, quick march (with trio) is somewhat akin to that of a British military band. The trio section revisits Vaughan Williams’s “pastoral” style. 3. Cavatina (for bowed strings only) - This movement, in a five-part rondo form, has a meditative character and includes important solo passages for violin and cello. The main theme bears a clear resemblance, which Vaughan Williams acknowledged, to the “Passion” chorale (O sacred head, now wounded) that Bach used several times in the St. Matthew Passion and elsewhere. 4. Toccata - the finale (entitled Toccata to indicate its virtuoso nature) contains much exuberant writing for the percussion section. Harmonically, the movement seems uncertain of whether to be in D minor or D major.